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ARCOMadrid 2015

March 10, 2015
  
The 34th edition of ARCO Madrid Contemporary Art Fair happens at a time when I am designing a 2,000-dollar home prototype for a rural area in a developing country and reviewing any artwork that costs as much as several homes, feels rather odd. That said, I've enjoyed this year's edition, especially Richard Mosse's beautifully portrayed basic house structures in lush surroundings. 

Richard Mosse's colour-infrared pictures of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are something I always look forward to in ARCO. The Ireland-born and New York-based photographer has been shooting landscapes, people and rebel soldiers in eastern DRC since 2011 using Kodak Aerochrome, a film developed in the 1940s for military surveillance. It reflects the infrared spectrum and renders green into pink.  

There have been various iterations of Mosse's Congo project in previous editions of ARCO (see my 2013 and 2014 posts). No warlords or IDP camps pictures this year but a more subtle portrait of the Congo conflict. In his short film "The Impossible Image" Mosse explains the project in more detail.

Richard Mosse, Come Out (1966) XXX, 2012 | Carlier Gebauer Gallery, Berlin

  
Alberto Casari | Galeria Lucia de la Puente, Lima

  
Markus Huemer, Wir haben jetzt klare Verhältnisse, aber wir wissen noch nicht welche | Galerie Max Weber Six Friedrich, Munich


 
Albrecht Schnider, Untitled (2014) | Galerie Bob van Orsouw, Zurich

 
Sarah Morris, Bye Bye Brazil (2014) | Galeria La Caja Negra, Madrid

   
Olafur Eliasson, Your Lunar Reflection (2015) | Galeria Elvira Gonzalez, Madrid

 
Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle, Cloud Prototype No 3 (2012-13) | Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica

  
Julian Opie | Galeria Mário Sequeira, Braga

  
José Lourenço, Untitled (2015) | Carlos Carvalho Contemporary Art, Lisbon

 
Asier Mendizabal, Placa (2014) | Galería Carreras Mugica, Bilbao
  
Charlotte Posenenske, Series D Vierkantrohr (1967) | Galerie Mehdi Chouakri, Berlin


 
Martin Parr, The Amalfi Coast, Sorrento 2014 | Studio Trisorio, Naples


  
Primož Bizjak, Telefónica Madrid (2012) | Gregor Podnar Gallery, Berlin


 
Quayola, Iconographies #20-1 (2014), "The Tiger Hunt" after Rubens | Bitforms Gallery, New York

 
Rafa Macarrón, Turista (2015) | Galería Juan Silió, Santander

 
Carlos Bunga, Intento de conservación III (2015) | Galería Elba Benítez, Madrid

 
José Dávila, Untitled (2014) | Galería Travesía Cuatro, Madrid
   
ARCO's guest country this year is Colombia, who brings ten galleries and twenty artists with the ARCO Colombia programme and a vast display of Colombian art in all major Madrid museums organized by the Colombian government.

Jorge Magyaroll, Trabajo Inacabado | Galería El Museo, Bogotá
  
 
Further artworks include a few photo collages.
 
Ángel Marcos, La mirada blanca 6 (2011) | Galería Max Estrella, Madrid
   
Teresa Margollés, Esta finca no será demolida (2011-13) | Galerie Peter Kilchmann, Zurich


 
Worth a mention is JustMAD, Madrid's affordable art fair happening within the Madrid Art Week and in parallel to ARCO. This year's edition displays very interesting photography, including works from the Puerto Rican & South African duo Christto & Andrew who live and work in Qatar.
  
Christto & Andrew, Hamour (2014) | Galería Espai Tactel, Valencia


About
ARCO International Contemporary Art Fair | Madrid | 25 February - 1 March 2015
JustMAD Emerging Art Fair | Madrid | 24 February - 1 March 2015
ARCO Colombia 2015

Previous Articles
ARCOMadrid 2014
ARCOMadrid 2013
ARCOMadrid 2012 and 2013 Prospect

Featured Artists
Primož Bizjak
Carlos Bunga
Alberto Casari
Christto & Andrew
José Dávila 
Olafur Eliasson
Markus Huemer
José Lourenço
Rafa Macarrón
Jorge Magyaroff 
Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle 
Ángel Marcos
Teresa Margollés
Asier Mendizabal
Richard Mosse
Sarah Morris
Julian Opie
Martin Parr
Charlotte Posenenske
Quayola
Albrecht Schnider

Photos by PS
Cover picture by Richard Mosse, Come Out (1966) XXXIII, 2012 | Carlier Gebauer Gallery, Berlin

The Colours of Panama

June 13, 2014

13 June 2014

Water is Panama's main resource and a cloudy sky is an essential and non-negotiable part of it. In spite - or because - of it everything under Panama's grey sky seems to be wonderfully tinted. Buildings are no exception. The colour palettes are endless - primary, colonial, pastel - and the quirky colour combinations, something one can't help loving.

Biodiversity Museum in Panama City by Frank Gehry.

Biomuseo | Photo ©Victoria Murillo, istmophoto.com
Biomuseo | Photo ©Victoria Murillo, Istmophoto.com

Biomuseo | Photo ©Victoria Murillo, Istmophoto.com

Biomuseo during the Night of the Museums
  
"Somos Luz" is a wonderful project by Boa Mistura in the Chorrillo neighbourhood in Panama City made for the Bienal del Sur. Boa Mistura uses urban art to enhance deprived neighbourhoods across the globe.

Begonia Building, El Chorrillo, April 2013 | Photo © BoaMistura
 The helpers | Photo © BoaMistura
  
Begonia Building, El Chorrillo before the works | Photo © BoaMistura

   Sadly, the beautiful mural got partially painted over.
  
Begonia Building, El Chorrilo, April 2014
El Chorrillo | Panama City
Universidad de Panamá | Panama City
Building in Avenida de los Poetas | Panama City
 
The Canopy Tower is a lovely hotel for wildlife watching set in a former military installation amidst an impressive rainforest.
  
Canopy Tower | Soberanía National Park | Gamboa
Observation Deck, Canopy Tower | Gamboa   
Canopy Tower | Gamboa
Gatún Locks at the Canal
Bus Station | Colón
   
Kuna woman | Rio Cartí, Guna Yala
  
Photos
Cover picture: City of Knowledge Exhibition Hall, Panama City | Project by Boa Mistura & students of ISTHMUS (Architectural and Design School for Latin America and the Caribbean) | Photo © Boa Mistura

Other pictures by PS unless otherwise stated




The Spanish Colonial Town: Planning Flexibility in Spite of the Grid

June 12, 2014
12 June 2014

In a span of two centuries America saw the foundation of the largest number of cities ever established in such a short period of timeFrom the six European countries involved in the American venture - namely Portugal, Spain, France, England, Denmark and Holland - only Spain felt the importance of trading from organized communities and created a set of planning guidelines to consider when building the new towns. The guidelines did not only provide an action plan to establish new towns but also a plan to grow them sustainably through the years.

The guidelines for the planning of the new cities were developed in a 70 year span in a process that included constant feedback from the new territories. 

Once Columbus set sail, Queen Isabella's instructions on how to settle in any potential new territory began to unfold. Her first (loose) instructions went 1501 to Fray Nicolás de Ovando, the governor of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic): "Since it is paramount to found towns on the island and it is not possible to give specific instructions from here, get a feel yourself for the places in the island, and choose the more suitable sites according to the qualities of the land and the inhabitants". (1)

1513 King Ferdinand got more specific in the "Instrucciones" to Pedrarias Dávila before his expedition to the province of Castilla del Oro (coast of Central America): "Let the city lots be regular from the start, so once they are marked out the town will appeared well ordered as to the place which is left for a plaza, the site for the church, and the sequence of the streets; for in places newly established proper order can be given from the start." (2)

Emperor Charles V continued the mission and issued several instructions to this end, like the "General Instructions for the Founding of Cities in the Indies" from 1521 the "Instructions to Hernán Cortés" from 1523 (3) and the "Imperial Provisions" from 1526 (4). 

These instructions culminated in the "Ordinances Concerning Discoveries, Settlements and Pacification of the Indies" ("Ordenanzas de Descubrimiento, Nueva Población y Pacificación de las Indias") issued on July 13th 1573 by King Philip II, a complete set of urban guidelines with 100+ decrees concerning the founding of new towns (see below)

It is interesting though, that despite the late drafting of these Ordinances, its content had been in use since the arrival of the first settlers who had already built 200 new towns between 1500 and 1573. Valerie Fraser's view on this is that there was "some sort of cultural memory, an inherited, almost instinctive knowledge in town planning" early settlers were drawing on. (6)

The first urban centres began in Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) and then progressively expanded around the Caribbean and to Central America. Santo Domingo was the first town, built in 1502, followed by San Juan (1509), Santiago de Cuba (1514), Havana (1515), Veracruz (1519), Panamá la Antigua (1519), Santa Marta (1525) and Cartagena (1533) These early towns already show the basic aspects of the Spanish colonial town: a compact layout, a main square and a city grid laid out with respect to the cardinal points.

Santo Domingo,  Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) | est. 1502
San Juan, Puerto Rico | est. 1509
Havana, Cuba | est. 1515
Veracruz, Mexico | est. 1519
Old Panama City, Panama | est. 1519
Cartagena, Colombia | est. 1533
Once the model got consolidated in the Caribbean, it spread throughout South America where the mostly orthogonal city grid became a checkerboard system with square blocks. 

The "ordered" village by Juan de Matienzo, 1567
Lima, Peru | est. 1536

Santiago, Chile | est. 1541

Bogota, Colombia | est. 1553

Caracas, Venezuela | est. 1567
Buenos Aires, Argentina | est. 1580

Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, Guatemala | est. 1776
  
The 1573 Ordinances, a document that according to Axel I. Mundigo has left a "formidable physical imprint and social heritage" (7), are about:

* Consensus with locals and a masterplan 

110. (...) On arriving at the place where the new settlement is to be founded - which according to our will and disposition shall be one that is vacant and that can be occupied without doing harm to the Indians and natives or with their free consent - a plan for the site is to be made, dividing it into squares, streets, and building lots, using cord and ruler, beginning with the main square from which streets are to run to the gates and principal roads and leaving sufficient open space so that even if the town grows, it can always spread in the same manner. (...)

* A healthy location:

111. Having made the selection of the site where the town is to be built, it must, as already stated, be in an elevated and healthy location; [be] with means of fortification; [have] fertile soil and with plenty of land for farming and pasturage; have fuel, timber, and resources; [have] fresh water, a native population, ease of transport, access and exit; [and be] open to the north wind; and, if on the coast, due consideration should be paid to the quality of the harbour and that the sea does not lie to the south or west; and if possible not near lagoons or marshes in which poisonous animals and polluted air and water breed.

* A space for gatherings and social activities:

112. The main plaza is to be the starting point for the town; if the town is situated on the sea coast, it should be placed at the landing place of the port, but inland it should be at the centre of the town. The plaza should be square or rectangular, in which case it should have at least one and a half its width for length inasmuch as this shape is best for fiestas in which horses are used and for any other fiestas that should be held. 

* A defined urban fabric:

113. The size of the plazas shall be proportioned to the number of inhabitants, taking into consideration the fact that in Indian towns, inasmuch as they are new, the intention is that they will increase, and thus the plaza should be decided upon taking into consideration the growth the town may experience. (...)

114. From the plaza shall begin four principal streets. (...)

115. Around the plaza as well as along the four principal streets which begin there, there shall be portals, for these are of considerable convenience to the merchants who generally gather there; (...)

116. In cold places, the streets shall be wide and in hot places narrow; but for purposes of defence in areas where there are horses, it would be better if they are wide.

118. Here and there in the town, smaller plazas of good proportion shall be laid out (...).

129. Within the town, a commons shall be delimited, large enough that although the population may experience a rapid expansion, there will always be sufficient space where the people may go to for recreation and take their cattle to pasture without them making any damage.

* Mixed uses:

119. For the temple of the principal church, parish, or monastery, there shall be assigned specific lots; (...)

121. (...)  the hospital for the poor and those sick of noncontagious diseases shall be built near the temple and its cloister; and the hospital for the sick with contagious diseases shall be built in such a way that no harmful wind blowing through it may cause harm to the rest of the town. If the latter be built in an elevated place, so much the better.

122. The site and building lots for slaughter houses, fisheries, tanneries, and other business which produce filth shall be so placed that the filth can easily be disposed of.

126. The plaza (...) shall be used for the buildings of the church and royal houses and for city use, but shops and houses for the merchants should be built first, to which all the settlers of the town shall contribute, and a moderate tax shall be imposed on goods so that these buildings may be built.

 * Equal land distribution:

127. The other building lots shall be distributed by lottery to the settlers, continuing with the lots closer to the main plaza, and the lots that are left shall be held by us for assignment to those who shall later become settlers (...).

103. (...) The person responsible for the town must select urban lots, farm, and pasture lands for the person willing to populate the town, who shall receive the amount of peonias and caballerías on which he is willing and able to build as long as no one is awarded more than five peonias nor three caballerias if given the latter.

* Beautiful architecture:

134. They shall try as far as possible to have the buildings all of one type for the sake of the beauty of the town.

La Candelaria Historic District | Bogotá
Colonial House | Bogotá
La Candelaria Historic District | Bogotá
San Felipe (Casco Antiguo) | Panama City
San Felipe (Casco Antiguo) | Panama City
Main Plaza in Antigua, Guatemala | Photo J. Zanella  

The Spanish Crown believed that an open, ordered and beautiful town confers its inhabitants what they called polity, i.e. a set of virtues and values that grant the ability to live a dignified and happy life. 

Whereas it is difficult to assess if polity was indeed created, a sure fact is that the 16th century Spanish colonial city model remains an invaluable addition in the quest for a better living.



Notes
(1) Instructions to Fray Nicolás de Ovando | 16 Sept 1501 | De la ciudad ortogonal aragonesa a la cuadricula hipanoamericana como proceso de innovacion-difusion, condicionado por la utopia  | Vicente Bielza de Ory | Universidad de Barcelona 2002, note 16
(2) Instructions to Pedrarias Dávila | 2 August 1513 | City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective, note 61, p136 & in La ciudad en un cruce de caminos: Panamá y sus orígenes urbanos p73
(3) Instructions to Hernán Cortés | 26 June 1523
(4) Ordinance by Emperor Charles V | 1526 | Los origenes del urbanismo novohispano, Xavier Cortes Rocha
(5) Ordinances Concerning Discoveries, Settlements and Pacification by King Philip II | 13 July 1573 
(6) The Architecture of Conquest: Building in the Viceroyalty of Peru 1535-1635 | Valerie Fraser | Cambridge University Press 2009
(7) The City Planning Ordinances of the Laws of the Indies Revisited. Part I: Their Philosophy and Implications | Alex I. Mundigo and Dora P. Crouch | Liverpool University Press 2004 p1 Intro

Maps
Urbs Domingo in Hispaniola, John Ogilvy | Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 
Plan of San Juan de Puerto Rico, 1794 by Cosme de Churruca | Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
Map of Havana, 1798 by D. José del Rio | Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
Map of Veracruz, 1777 by D. Sebastián Canel | Biblioteca Nacional de España
Map of Cartagenas de Indias 1550 Unknown
No records for other maps

Sources
* City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective | edited by James D. Tracy | Cambridge University Press 2000 * Ciudades Tropicales Sostenibles | Bruno Stagno & Jimena Ugarte | Instituto de Arquitectura Tropical 2006 
* De la ciudad ortogonal aragonesa a la cuadricula hipanoamericana como proceso de innovacion-difusion, condicionado por la utopia  | Vicente Bielza de Ory | Universidad de Barcelona 2002
* La ciudad en un cruce de caminos: Panamá y sus orígenes urbanos | María del Carmen Mena García | Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos 1992
*Normas y leyes de la ciudad hispanoamericana: 1492-1600 | by Francisco de Solano y Pérez-Lila | Consejo Superior d eInvestigación Científica 1995
* Royal Ordinances Concerning the Laying out of New Towns (in Spanish) | Zelia Nuttall | The Hispanic American Historical Review Vol. 4, No. 4, Nov., 1921 
* The Laws of the Indies: Ordinances for the Discovery, Population and Pacification of the Indies | Alex I. Mundigo and Dora P. Crouch | Liverpool University Press 2004
* The City Planning Ordinances of the Laws of the Indies Revisited | Alex I. Mundigo and Dora P. Crouch | Liverpool University Press 2004
  
Pictures
by PS unless otherwise stated. Cover picture, Panama City old town


Teresa Margollés: Testing Building's Memories

March 03, 2014

What do we do when 115,000 homes are left behind? Mexican artist Teresa Margollés explores at a solo exhibition at CA2M Madrid the phenomenon of Ciudad Juárez, the border city that saw 220,000 residents displaced by violence in 2010.

The show, called El Testigo / The Witness, is a dystopian journey into the reasons for and results of the town's violence-induced displacement. 
 
The journey has a chilling start with a work called PM 2010 (2012), a room full of covers from tabloids in Ciudad Juárez. All of them depict acts of brutal violence and evidence what the day-to-day looked like in Ciudad Juárez back in 2010.

The show continues through a corridor with a sound installation called Sounds of Death. The horror of the situation sinks in.

This Property Won't Be Demolished pictures, through a series of colour photographs taken between 2009 and 2013, Ciudad Juárez' derelict buildings, left behind as a result of the displacement.
 
Margollés takes it further in the following room by making visitors feel dereliction. The Promise is a wall made with 22 tonnes of rubble from a Juárez house. Visitors are encouraged to undo the wall with their hands and turn it back to rubble.
  
La promesa / The Promise (2012)
 
The artwork comes with a picture archive and a making-of video: a derelict house in south-east Ciudad Juárez is purchased, carefully demolished, grounded, packed and sent away. 

Archivo La promesa (2011-13) by T. Margollés

Archivo La promesa (2011-13) by T. Margollés

Archivo La promesa (2011-13)

Archivo La promesa (2011-13) by T. Margollés
   
It's a powerful experience to touch and demolish a full size reconstituted wall. It's a way of connecting to the story with the senses rather than with the mind. Feeling an issue rather than understanding it, is what it takes to care about it. 
 
Margollés' exploration of the power of presence is as brilliant as her reflection on what makes a town. The show evidences how it takes more than buildings and people to create a livable place, and hints that this more might be a social contract or the willingness of a community to sacrifice some personal liberties in favour of a common good.

To the question of what to do when 115,000 homes are left behind, a visitor of the show would suggest exploring the community's social contract to find and mend the broken.
  

About
The Witness, Teresa Margollés | Centro de Arte 2 de Mayo, CA2M, Madrid
| 18 February - 25 May 2014
 
More on Teresa Margollés in this blog in ARCOMadrid 2013

Pictures 
by AM unless otherwise stated. Cover pictures This Property Won't Be Demolished by Teresa Margollés
  
 
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